Flame-retardant and thermal insulating biomass aerogel with super-elasticity

Biomass aerogels possessing both resilience and flame retardance exhibit great potential as alternatives to fossil-based thermal insulators. Nevertheless, the functional applications of elastic biomass aerogels are impeded by their poor resilience persistence, especially at low temperatures. Herein, a synergetic strategy was proposed for designing biomass aerogels with exceptional elasticity across a broad temperature range (from 150 °C to −78 °C), by strategically manipulating their microstructure and implementing a chemically cross-linked network. The resultant aerogels suffered from slight plastic deformation of only 6.1 % even after 1000 loading-unloading cycles at a strain of 60 %, manifesting super-elastic performance. Additionally, the structure and resilience of aerogel can be well maintained even under frigid temperatures (−78 °C). Because firmly cross-linked networks and loosely packed microstructures with elongated cell walls were constructed to minimize plastic deformation and bending stress, thereby suppressing structural destruction. Furthermore, the resulting biomass aerogel exhibited a remarkable combination of advantageous properties including lightweight, flame retardance (limiting oxygen index of 29 %), thermal insulation (32.8 mW m⁻¹ K⁻¹) and infrared stealth. This research offers new insights into the design of elastic biomass aerogels with exceptional overall performance.