稳定超离子硒化铜热电材料

IF 14 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Jincheng Yu, Haihua Hu, Hua-Lu Zhuang, Hezhang Li and Jing-Feng Li*, 
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引用次数: 0

摘要

热电(TE)技术实现了热与电的直接转换,从而有助于缓解当前的能源危机和减轻环境问题。基于铋碲化物的 TE 材料已经投入商业应用,但它们主要应用于固态冷却而非能量收集。包括铜瑀和银瑀在内的超离子导体在中温或高温下具有优异的热电特性(ZT),因此被认为是有希望用于发电的 TE 候选材料;离子的液态行为使这些系统符合声子-液态电子晶体(PLEC)的概念。虽然移动离子有利于增强电传输和声子散射,但它们在电场或温度梯度驱动下的定向迁移会导致金属的意外沉积,从而损害材料的 TE 特性和使用稳定性。因此,当务之急是找到能承受电流冲击和高温的稳定液态 TE 材料。在本研究中,我们选择硒化铜作为超离子 TE 材料模型,以阐明其优异的 TE 性能、液态行为和高温不稳定性的根源。首先,根据密度泛函理论(DFT)计算出的电子能带结构和光谱晶格热导率,分析了其独特的电学和传输特性。其次,根据先进电子显微镜收集的数据对微观结构进行评估,以了解高活性铜离子的特性。第三,我们总结了不同情况下铜离子不稳定的原因,以及增强稳定性的几种有效策略,包括缺陷工程、界面工程和化学键工程。特别是,这些策略通过阳离子空位操作、内电场建立、电压划分、界面捕获、离子约束和相分离等适用途径得到了很好的实施;每种策略的优缺点都有清晰的介绍。最重要的是,我们揭示了每种途径的基本调控机制,并强调了它们的核心理念,即在离子激活或运动过程中控制势垒,这有助于我们掌握这些策略并将其推广到实际应用中。最后,我们就稳定性增强与液态特征之间的权衡以及挥发性元素的损失提出了更多的关注点,并指出了未来研究的重要方向。我们希望,我们的工作将有助于引起人们对增强超离子导体稳定性潜力的关注,并期待所提出的方法将促进稳定的类液态 TE 材料的开发,从而在该领域取得进一步的突破。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Stabilization of Superionic Copper Selenide Based Thermoelectric Materials

Stabilization of Superionic Copper Selenide Based Thermoelectric Materials

Thermoelectric (TE) technology enables the direct conversion between heat and electricity, thereby contributing to the alleviation of the prevailing energy crisis and the mitigation of environmental concerns. Bismuth telluride-based TE materials have been commercially utilized, while they are mainly applied to solid-state cooling rather than energy harvesting. Superionic conductors including copper chalcogenides and silver chalcogenides are rendered as promising TE candidates for power generation due to their superior thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) at middle or high temperatures; the liquid-like behavior of ions aligns these systems with the concept of phonon-liquid electron-crystal (PLEC). Although the mobile ions are beneficial to enhancing the electrical transport and phonon scattering, their directional migration driven by an electric field or temperature gradient can result in the unintended deposition of metals, which can impair both the TE properties and the service stability of the materials. Therefore, it is imperative to identify stabilized liquid-like TE materials that can withstand current strike and high temperature.

In this Account, we select copper selenide as a model superionic TE material to elucidate the origins of excellent TE performance, liquid-like behaviors, and instability at high temperatures. First, the unique electrical and transport properties are analyzed based on the electronic band structure and spectral lattice thermal conductivity calculated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Second, the microstructures are evaluated based on the data collected from advanced electron microscopes to understand the characteristics of highly active Cu ions. Third, we summarize the reasons for the Cu instability under different circumstances, as well as several effective strategies toward enhanced stability, including defect engineering, interface engineering, and chemical bond engineering. In particular, these strategies are well implemented by applicable routes, such as manipulation of cation vacancies, establishment of internal electric field, voltage division, interfacial trapping, ion confinement, and phase separation; the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are clearly presented. Most importantly, we reveal the underlying modulation mechanisms for each route and highlight their core concept, i.e., control of potential barriers during the activation or motion process of ions, which helps us to master and popularize these strategies for practical use. Finally, we raise additional concerns regarding the trade-off between stability enhancement and liquid-like feature as well as the loss of volatile elements, and then point out the meaningful directions for future studies. We hope that our work will help to draw attention to the potential for enhancing the stability of superionic conductors and anticipate that the proposed approaches will facilitate the development of stabilized liquid-like TE materials, leading to further breakthroughs in this field.

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