Refractory Chronic Cough: A State-of-the-Art Review for Otolaryngologists.

Objective: Patients with refractory chronic cough (RCC) are being seen in increasing numbers within otolaryngology clinics. Identifying the next steps in the evaluation and management of cough in patients who have had first-line treatment for gastroesophageal reflux, sinonasal disease, pulmonary disease, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related cough is paramount. This state-of-the-art review focuses on emerging treatments for RCC from an otolaryngology perspective.

Data sources: Pubmed.

Review methods: The available literature on chronic cough, with a focus on RCC, emerging paradigms concerning pathophysiology, and evolving treatment approaches was reviewed and summarized.

Conclusions: Guided by a more detailed understanding of refractory cough physiology, a myriad of new treatment options have been developed to treat RCC. These are primarily aimed at disrupting what is thought to be a hypersensitive cough reflex, whether by a dampening of its sensory inputs or an alteration in motor activity, and are inclusive of neuromodulator treatments, superior laryngeal nerve blockade, vocal fold augmentation, botulinum toxin injection, topical capsaicin, and potentially the eventual use of P2X3 antagonists. Improved laryngopharyngeal reflux diagnosis and management, as well as the potential benefit of behavioral cough suppression therapy, are also discussed.

Implications for practice: The literature supporting each of these strategies is growing-and as more patients with RCC seek otolaryngology care, knowledge of these various approaches may improve the overall treatment of this condition.