ARPP19 phosphorylation site evolution and the switch in cAMP control of oocyte maturation in vertebrates.

cAMP-PKA signaling initiates the critical process of oocyte meiotic maturation in many animals, but inhibits it in vertebrates. To address this "cAMP paradox", we exchanged the key PKA substrate, ARPP19, between representative species, the vertebrate Xenopus and the cnidarian Clytia, comparing its phosphorylation and function. We found that as in Xenopus, Clytia maturing oocytes undergo ARPP19 phosphorylation on a highly conserved Gwl site, which inhibits PP2A and promotes M-phase entry. In contrast, despite a PKA phosphorylation signature motif recognisable across most animals, Clytia ARPP19 was only poorly phosphorylated by PKA in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, unlike Xenopus ARPP19, exogenous Clytia ARPP19 did not delay Xenopus oocyte maturation. We conclude that in Clytia ARPP19 does not intervene in oocyte maturation initiation because of both poor recognition by PKA and the absence of effectors that mediate vertebrate oocyte prophase arrest. We propose that ancestral ARPP19 phosphorylated by Gwl has retained a key role in M-phase across eukaryotes and it has acquired new functions during animal evolution mediated by enhanced PKA phosphorylation, allowing co-option into oocyte maturation regulation in the vertebrate lineage.