Nudge theories and strategies influencing adult health behaviors and outcomes in COPD management: a systematic review.

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease with high prevalence and mortality, and self-management is a key component for better outcomes of COPD. Recently, nudging has shown promising potential in COPD management. In the present study, we conducted a systematic review to collate the list of nudges and identified the variables that influence nudging.

Methods: We undertook a systematic review. We employed database searches and snowballing. Data from selected studies were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care risk of bias tool. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023427051.

Results: We retrieved 4,022 studies from database searches and 38 studies were included. By snowballing, 5 additional studies were obtained. Nudges were classified into four types: social influence, gamification, reminder, and feedback. Medication adherence, inhalation technique, physical activity, smoking cessation, vaccination administration, exercise capacity, self-efficacy, pulmonary function, clinical symptoms, and quality of life were analyzed as targeted health behaviors and outcomes. We found medication adherence was significantly improved by reminders via mobile applications or text materials, as well as feedback based on devices. Additionally, reminders through text materials greatly enhance inhalation techniques and vaccination in patients.

Conclusion: This review demonstrates nudging can improve the health behaviors of patients with COPD and shows great potential for certain outcomes, particularly medication adherence, inhalation techniques, and vaccination. Additionally, the delivery modes, the patient characteristics, and the durations and seasons of interventions may influence the successful nudge-based intervention.

Clinical trial registration: This review has been registered in the international Prospective Registry of Systematic Evaluation (PROSPERO) database (identifier number CRD42023427051).