Visualizing Performances Losses of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules: From Laboratory to Industrial Scales

While the efficiencies of lab-sized perovskite solar cells are continuously rising, a variety of challenges have to be overcome to realize remotely similar efficiencies in an industrial context. Any changes in the preparation process, device size, device architecture, and material type are likely to result in efficiency loss. To date, there have been no solutions that can produce large-area modules with performance comparable to that of laboratory devices. However, depending on the type of deposition process, the dominant loss mechanisms differ significantly, which can guide the further optimization of processes and devices. In this study, a meta-analysis of state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells and modules with different preparation methods, area sizes, and material compositions, is presented. Moreover, the efficiency losses are divided into five figures of merit and they are visualized to discuss the efficiency-limiting loss mechanisms that must be overcome for commercialization.