Breaking Barriers: Addressing Challenges in Perovskite Solar Cell Development

Perovskites have captured the interest of researchers for over a decade due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE). These materials boast excellent chemical and physical properties, making them ideal for solar cell production. On a small scale, perovskites are synthesized using various methods such as dual-source vapor deposition, one-step and two-step solution deposition, vapor-assisted solution deposition, and sequential deposition techniques. For large-scale production, industries employ techniques like inkjet printing, drop casting, blade coating, slot-die coating, and spray coating. Despite their potential, perovskite solar cells face significant challenges in commercialization, primarily due to chemical stability issues to only a few months. Therefore, recent research focuses on improving film formation and interfacial engineering to enhance device PCE and stability. To move towards commercialization, it is crucial to address degradation caused by environmental factors such as moisture and UV light through material stability improvements such as encapsulation, interface engineering, and humidity control. This necessitates the development of standardized stability tests and optimized conditions for maximum performance. This review aims to delve into the intricacies of perovskite structures and their fabrication techniques on both small and large scales. It also critically examines the challenges and obstacles in commercializing perovskites. Finally, the review offers insights into future strategies for achieving high PCE in perovskite solar cells, emphasizing the need for advanced materials engineering, robust encapsulation techniques, and scalable, cost-effective deposition methods to enhance device stability, moisture resistance, and overall longevity, paving the way for the commercialization of perovskite-based photovoltaics.