Tropical cyclone landfalls in the Northwest Pacific under global warming

This study projects the changes in tropical cyclone (TC) landfalls in the western North Pacific under shared socioeconomic pathway (SSPs) scenarios during the TC peak season by using low-resolution global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). Projections are based on the relationship between mid- and lower-level atmospheric circulation and TC landfall frequency during the historical period from 1985 to 2014 and the future climate period from 2015 to 2100. The landfall areas for TCs are divided into northern East Asia (NEA), middle East Asia (MEA) and southern East Asia (SEA); the TC peak seasons are July–September for NEA and MEA, and July–November for SEA. To evaluate reproducibility, both ensemble and individual model outputs for mid- and lower-level atmospheric circulations associated with TC landfall in each East Asian subregion are compared to the reanalysis. An ensemble of seven models with stable results for all three regions is more reasonable in simulating atmospheric circulation patterns than an ensemble of all CMIP6 models. The findings suggest that TC landfall is projected to increase by about 12% and 32% in NEA and MEA, respectively, in the late 21st century under the SSP5-8.5 scenario compared to the historical period, while decreasing by 13% in SEA. These changes are consistent under both warming scenarios, and are more pronounced in the SSP5-8.5 scenario compared to SSP1-2.6, particularly in the later period of this century. An analysis of future atmospheric circulations suggests that global warming will weaken the western North Pacific subtropical high and cause its boundary to retreat eastward. This will lead to changes in the steering flow, which is closely related to TC tracks, resulting in TC landfalls to increase or decrease depending on the East Asian subregion.