Investigating the impacts of charge composition and temperature on ammonia/hydrogen combustion in a heavy-duty spark-ignition engine

Ammonia, as a hydrogen carrier with mature production technology and convenient storage, has become one of the most promising zero carbon fuels in recent years. The use of ammonia/hydrogen mixture fuel in spark ignition (SI) engines has drawn significant attentions since it solves the problems of low flame speed, high ignition energy requirement and narrow flammable range of pure ammonia. In this study, the combustion and emission processes of an ammonia/hydrogen port fuel injection (PFI) engine at high load operation are numerically analyzed to investigate the effects of intake hydrogen energy ratio (HER), equivalence ratio (φ), intake temperature and combustion chamber wall temperature on energy distribution and pollutants. The results indicate that under the same HER of 25%, the lean-burned mode provides favorable thermal efficiency compared to stoichiometric mode due to reduced combustion and wall heat loss. However, lower cylinder temperature at lean condition inhibits the participation of NH₃ in the reduction reactions and the consumption of N₂O, increasing the residuals of both pollutants. The NOx emission is promoted by excessive O radicals at lean conditions, and the pathways of fuel NOx and thermal NOx are also discussed using an isotope labeling method. At stoichiometric mode, increasing fuel HER (10%–25%) only has minor impacts on improving thermal efficiency, but can promote the consumption of NH₃ and N₂O by increasing H radicals and cylinder temperature. The study also shows that optimizing the intake and wall temperatures can effectively reduce NH₃ and N₂O emissions by 87.5% and 71.7%, respectively, while slightly reducing NOx.