Simulating the break-up, debris formation and throw of concrete structures under explosive loading

Malicious acts, but likewise unintended accidental explosions, can lead to severe structural damage and resulting debris throw, which poses a significant threat to humans and facilities. Until now, risk analysis is based mainly on empirical data, since the reliable simulation of structural break-up, dissolution and emergence of secondary fragments for real structures is still challenging. In this paper, we investigate the application of a mesoscale description of concrete with finite elements to predict the dispersal of fragments out of dynamically loaded concrete specimens. We demonstrate that the approach delivers accurate predictions for maximum velocity and total debris mass. Further, it is even able to resolve the debris mass distribution with very reasonable quality, a result rarely found in literature up to today. The detailed resolution of the debris field allows furthermore a more thorough determination of the aerodynamic factors governing the subsequent flight phase. We compare the results using different assumptions in terms of flight distances and safety maps.