Nanoplastics in heat-sensitive food packaging: A review of migration, detection, health, and environmental impacts

The widespread use of plastics in food packaging, particularly during heat processing, has raised significant concerns about the release of micro- and nanoplastics into food. This review comprehensively examines the sources, detection methods, health impacts, and environmental consequences of micro- and nanoplastics generated from heat-packed food. The mechanisms by which these particles are released during heating, sophisticated analytical methods for their detection, potential health risks from consumption, and the effects of these particles have on the environment are covered in detail. Current regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies are critically assessed, highlighting challenges and opportunities in managing plastic contamination. Key research areas are identified to address knowledge gaps and improve food packaging safety. This review informs decision-making and policy development to mitigate the risks associated with micro- and nanoplastics in heat-packaged food.