Relating ten years of rock temperature monitoring to rockwall weathering processes in steep mountain valleys in western Norway

Most existing studies on rockwall frost regimes and frost weathering at rockwalls focus on permafrost-affected rockwalls. However, a high share of rockwall surface areas in Norway and in many other cold-climate environments is actually free of permafrost. It is therefore of interest how these permafrost-free rockwall systems will respond to future changes in air and rock temperatures. In this study, we report field measurements conducted at rockwalls beneath the current permafrost limit and investigate thermal regimes at rockwalls that include both rockwall areas with and without permafrost. We present a unique dataset of up to ten years of rockwall temperature measurements from ten temperatures sensors installed in two mountain valleys in western Norway. An analysis of the different rockwall thermal regimes with respect to rock weathering and associated rockfall supply for both, permafrost-affected and permafrost-free rockwalls is provided. The highest intensity of recent rockwall weathering including determined rockwall retreat rates and associated rockfall supply is detected for northeast-facing rockwalls followed by south-facing rockwalls in our study area. Frost cracking activity, probably in the form of segregation ice growth, seems to be an important factor particularly for the high weathering intensity on northeast-facing rockwalls whereas solar radiation-induced thermal stresses, which favour incremental subcritical crack growth, is assumed to play a relevant role in the moderate weathering intensity on south- and southwest-facing rockwalls. A mean annual and study area-wide rockwall retreat rate of 0.24 mm yr⁻¹ is estimated for our ten-year investigation period (2010−2020) which is comparable to other published rates in similar lithologies and climates. As it can be assumed that seasonal frost regimes and permafrost will react differently to ongoing and future climate changes, more attention should be paid to analyse these two different thermal regimes with respect to possible varied implications for mechanical rockwall weathering and associated rockfall supply.