Molecular characterization of gliotoxin synthesis in a biofilm model of Aspergillus fumigatus

Mycelial growth as biofilm structures and the activation of secondary metabolism leading to the release of low-molecular-weight molecules (known as secondary metabolites), are among the previously described strategies used by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus to adapt and survive. Our study unveils that A. fumigatus strains can activate mechanisms linked to the production of gliotoxin, a crucial metabolite for Aspergillus, in the established in vitro biofilm model. Gliotoxin production exhibits strain- and time-dependent patterns and is associated -in a coordinated manner-with the expression levels of several genes involved in its regulation and synthesis. The transcriptional study of some of these genes by qPCR shows temporal inter-strain differences, which correlate with those obtained when evaluating the amounts of metabolites produced. Given that A. fumigatus forms biofilm structures within the site of infection, understanding the regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis may have a role in the evolution of Aspergillus infection and guide diagnostic and treatment strategies.