Efficient thermal integration model based on a biogas-fired gas turbine cycle (GTC) for electricity and desalination applications; thermo-economic and GA-based optimization

As the global energy demand continues to rise, there is an urgent need to improve the efficiency and sustainability of power generation systems. This study integrated a modified supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) and multi-effect desalination (MED) units to recover residual heat from a gas turbine cycle (GTC) in two stages, significantly enhancing electricity production while reducing the environmental footprint of the GTC. The significance of this study lies in its comprehensive approach, combining thermodynamic, environmental, and thermoeconomic analyses alongside thorough sensitivity evaluations. A triple optimization framework was implemented to optimize the system's performance, focusing on key metrics such as exergy efficiency, CO₂ reduction rates, and levelized energy cost, utilizing the NSGA-II and the TOPSIS decision-making method in MATLAB software. Economic viability was assessed through a net present value (NPV) analysis, demonstrating substantial profitability. Finally, a comparison study of the devised system CO₂ emissions rate was performed for different renewable energy sources. A specific application of the devised system is its capacity to generate 1.415 m³/h of distilled water while generating 1441 kW of electricity. Sensitivity analysis identified the combustion chamber temperature as the most critical design parameter, with a sensitivity index of 0.328. The optimum economic indicators showed marked improvement, with the NPV increasing from 2.371 M$ to 10.75 M$ and the payback period decreasing from 13.28 years to 7.18 years.