Investigation of dynamic impact behavior of bighorn sheep horn

The horn of the bighorn sheep is composed of keratin-based biological material that has a tubule-lamella structure, which gives it anisotropic hardening properties under impact loading. This paper aims to investigate the energy dissipation mechanisms inherent in bighorn sheep horns by developing a numerical material model that accounts for the horn’s anisotropic features and strain-rate effects. To this end, a transversely isotropic constitutive model, which includes both anisotropic hardening and strain-rate effects, was formulated to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of bighorn sheep horns. Material characterization was conducted through uniaxial compression tests that were conducted under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The developed constitutive model was implemented into LS-Dyna via a user-defined material subroutine and was validated against empirical data. The validated numerical model was used to investigate the horn’s mechanical responses under dynamic loading conditions. The paper focused on impact energy dissipation mechanisms, including energy absorption and transition, stress distribution, and displacement wave propagation. The insights gained from this paper are expected to significantly contribute to the development of novel artificial materials with enhanced energy absorption and impact mitigation properties.