Metal concentration in bottom sediments for a tropical river, geological or anthropogenic source?

The study analyzes data from a survey of metal concentrations in bottom sediments from both margins (left and right) of the lower main channel of the Orinoco River. This study aims to analyze metal concentrations in the bottom sediments of the lower Orinoco River with different geological settings and anthropological sources. El Almacen (ALM), Las Galderas (G), Los Castillos de Guayana (C), Ciudad Bolivar (CB), and Ciudad Guayana (CG) were the sampling sites. Freshwater physicochemical parameters pH, conductivity, and DO were measured in situ at each sample site. Twenty-four bottom sediment samples were collected with an Eckman grab, dried, and sieved. Trace elements Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ti, and Co were measured in sediments with grain sizes <63 μm. Bottom sediment analysis followed EPA method 3050B (digestion with HNO₃ + HCl + H₂O₂). Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk test, Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, and principal component analysis (PCA). Physicochemical parameters highlighted the marked difference between the left and the right river margins, reflecting the cross-channel heterogeneity due to the dissimilar geology and low horizontal mixing. Metal concentrations were generally low, with higher variations associated with urban and industrial sources. Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ba, Ti, and Co concentrations did not generally indicate significant pollution, but potential contamination from sewage and industrial effluents was noted. The differences between the two river margins were common in all the sampling sites, reflecting the sources of water biochemistry related to geochemical origins in the Andes and the Guiana Shield, respectively. The study emphasizes the importance of sampling location within the river channel.