Optimising furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass: Feedstock selection, Process enhancement, and Techno-Economic and Environmental viability

This review critically examines the state of the art in furfural production technologies from biomass-derived resources, focusing on recent advancements aimed at enhancing process efficiency. Beginning with an overview of current methodologies, the study explores and maps the diversity of available feedstocks, assessing their suitability for optimised furfural generation. Conversion efficiency is analysed with attention to yield optimisation, highlighting the influence of catalysts, temperature control, and enzymatic processes. Recent advancements in process intensification—such as hybrid systems, heat integration, and innovative technologies—are discussed as key pathways for achieving scalable and sustainable production. A review of techno-economic analysis (TEA) sources assesses the commercial feasibility of furfural production from various feedstocks, with a specific focus on bagasse. Additionally, a review of available life cycle assessments (LCAs) offers insights into the environmental impacts of different production methods, contributing to the sustainable development of the industry. The review concludes by summarising critical findings and identifying research priorities essential for advancing towards the ultimate goal of economically feasible and commercially scalable furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass.