What is happening to the European Union aquaculture production? Investigating its stagnation and sustainability

While global aquaculture production has been highly successful in terms of production growth in recent decades, most developed countries including the European Union (EU) have not participated in this development to a significant extent. As recently as the 1970s, several EU countries were global leaders in aquaculture production, primarily focusing on filter feeders such as mussels and oysters. However, aquaculture production in the EU has largely stagnated over the past few decades. Despite political support, investment and research efforts over the last three decades, environmental regulations and competition with other activities have slowed down or even halted production growth in many cases. Recent EU legislation aimed at boosting food security and sustainable food systems, recognise aquaculture as a major potential contributor, focusing for example on sustainable or low environmental impact aquaculture, e.g. the production of low trophic level species. In this context, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of the EU aquaculture sector by examining the stagnation in production and its causes. We investigate the evolution of the EU aquaculture production in weight and value, as well as its average trophic level, length and diversity of the species produced. Results indicate an increase in the diversity of species produced, but a decline in the production of low trophic level species over the last two decades, and an increase in more challenging high trophic levels species, raising the overall average trophic level of the production. The decline in mussel and oyster production is mainly due to environmental and, to a lesser degree, economic factors. The rapid growth of carnivorous fish, such as seabream, seabass and salmon has slowed down since 2000, mainly due to regulations aiming at limiting environmental impacts.