Interface modification based on norfloxacin for enhancing the performance of the inverted perovskite solar cells

The hydrophobic organic hole transport layer, Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-triMethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), in inverted perovskite solar cells leads to interfacial contact issues at the anode. These issues result in significant non-radiative recombination losses and unstable interfaces, which hinder the enhancement of both device performance and stability. In this work, we have developed a green, low-cost, solution-processable anode interfacial material called norfloxacin (NFXc) to enhance the wettability of PTAA, addressing the wettability mismatch between the hydrophobic PTAA layer and the highly polar perovskite precursor. The impact of NFXc on the physical properties of the films and devices has been systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that trap passivation, perovskite crystallinity adjustment, and improved charge transfer dynamics are achieved with this buried interface modification. With the introduction of NFXc, a power conversion efficiency of 19.46 % and a fill factor of 83.05 % were achieved based on solution-processed MAPbI₃/PCBM heterojunctions with NFXc modification. Additionally, the experiments indicated that the NFXc-modified device can maintain its initial PCE value even after 3500 h.