Building-integrated passive and renewable solar technologies: A review from 3E perspectives

Building is currently one of the most energy-intensive sectors, necessitating the integration of sustainable energy practices to meet the high energy demand and address climate change challenges. In this regard, solar energy technologies, both renewable and passive, have emerged as promising solutions. This paper comprehensively reviews the energy, economic and environmental (3E) performance of prevalent passive and renewable solar systems, separately and combined, integrated into buildings. The advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with these systems are also thoroughly explored. Furthermore, many relevant recommendations to improve their overall performance and promote the sustainability of buildings are highlighted. The findings reveal that photovoltaic thermal technology provides the highest overall energy efficiency, ranging from 58% to 94%, amongst the compared solar systems. Economically and environmentally, photovoltaic, photovoltaic thermal and solar water heaters deliver excellent outcomes. Conversely, most solar-based passive strategies are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, while some passive methods, such as Trombe wall and greening, are not cost-effective. However, the 3E efficiency of solar technologies largely depends on several factors, such as weather conditions, energy prices, capital costs and carbon content. Therefore, selecting appropriate energy systems is essential for constructing more sustainable, efficient and resilient buildings that benefit both the environment and occupants.