Simulation modeling of super-large ships traffic: Insights from Ningbo-Zhoushan Port for coastal port management

With the expansion of coastal ports, the number of super-large berths is on the rise. It has become imperative to accurately assess the operational impact of these berths, optimize berth utilization, and minimize ship delays. In this study, a detailed simulation model of super-large ship arrivals and departures was developed, focusing on the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port. The model accounts for various special navigation constraints, including berthing and departure time windows, safety separations, tidal constraints, and interference from neighboring berths. The simulation results highlight a significant disparity in waiting times between arriving and departing ships, with daytime restrictions and berth time windows emerging as the primary factors influencing wait times. Consequently, several improvement measures are proposed. These include implementing priority rules based on time windows, establishing additional inner anchorages, and reducing safety separations. Among these, reducing safety separations offers the best cost-effectiveness due to its low application cost and effective results. Although these measures may lead to varying waiting times among berths, they collectively contribute to a substantial 25.6% reduction in overall waiting time. This study offers valuable insights and practical guidance for the planning, construction, and operation of super-large berths in coastal ports.