Enhancement of the Photoluminescent Intensity of YVO4: Er, Yb UCNPs Using a Simple Coprecipitation Synthesis Method.

Yttrium vanadate (YVO₄) is a non-toxic ceramic matrix that, when doped with lanthanides, can be used as a photoluminescent biosensor. In this study, we meticulously synthesized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) of YVO₄ via chemical coprecipitation, using Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺ ions for codoping. The light emission achieved through upconversion mechanisms enables the excitation of nanoparticles with infrared light rather than ultraviolet light, enhancing the potential of current bioimaging techniques. The light emission intensity of our YVO₄: Er, Yb UCNPs, a key factor in their effectiveness, depended on various easily adjustable factors during the synthesis, such as the dopant concentration, the heat treatment, and the cleaning process. The UCNPs were characterized using a range of advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinements, as well as Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We found the most convenient stoichiometry to obtain the YVO₄: Er, Yb UCNPs and showed that a rigorous thermal treatment was necessary to achieve light emission through upconversion mechanisms. We also discovered that some porosity characteristics can be promoted in the YVO₄: Er, Yb UCNPs during the cleaning process, depending on the solvent employed. The porosity and morphology of the nanoparticles could be predicted using the microstrain values obtained from the refinement of the crystalline structures. All these meticulous steps in our research have enabled us to develop an efficient synthesis pathway to produce YVO₄: Er, Yb UCNPs with high photoluminescent intensity.