Effects of multidisciplinary therapy on energy balance, inflammation, and metabolic diseases in adolescents with obesity: A narrative review

Obesity is a consequence of multiple factors, including genetics, lifestyle and nutritional choices, physical activity, sleep duration, screen time, and mood disorders. These behavioral elements can impair the regulation of energy balance and obesity management that link obesity to a constellation of chronic conditions that lead to a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Multidisciplinary therapy is defined as an approach delivered by a multidisciplinary‐trained health team covering at least two components of behavior, physical activity/exercise, dietary habits, and/or psychological counseling associated with clinical interventions. This narrative review summarizes the effects of multidisciplinary therapy on neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, inflammatory biomarkers, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, behavior, and quality of life. We found that multidisciplinary therapy, including medical, nutritional, exercise, and behavioral counseling, and/or education, was useful for addressing outcomes such as visceral adiposity, neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, inflammatory biomarkers, cardiometabolic risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. The effects were mediated by improvements in neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, downregulation of the pro‐inflammatory states, and a reduction in comorbidities. Multidisciplinary therapy also improved mood disorders and quality of life.