Design of a hybrid solar and biomass-based energy system integrated with near-zero energy building: Techno-environment investigation and multicriteria optimization

The current research aims to meet the energy needs of a group of residential buildings in Norway with the least amount of carbon dioxide emission and the greatest amount of renewable energy. The supply side based on the renewable renewable-based energy system is planned and scaled using the real-time data use of $\mathrm{domestic\; hot\; water}$ ($\mathrm{DHW}$), heating and electricity necessary for the buildings. $\mathrm{PVT}$ panels are used in the hybrid solar and biomass-based energy systems to produce both the $\mathrm{DHW}$ requirements and the electricity production. The digester is used with the heat pump, which generates heat. A double-effect absorption refrigeration system is also utilized to provide the necessary cooling requirements. On the supply side, the management of the heat streams and the redirection of flows are done using a rule-based regulating system. The whole plant's size is supplied, and the dynamic energy simulation is run. The primary deciding criteria for heating the buildings are the costs of electricity and biomass. The whole system is then optimized depending on operating circumstances, and the outcomes are compared to the design point. $\mathrm{PVT}$ may be used to create more than 80 % of the yearly $\mathrm{DHW}$. Furthermore, summertime radiation accounts for 64.8 % of cooling output since it is more intense and may be converted into cooling energy. Digester/CC also contributes 66.55 % of the building's heating, showing that the designers should rely on biomass as wintertime energy costs are higher. The parametric study demonstrates that increasing PVT time and tank capacity has varied effects on efficiency and emissions. Also, On winter days, there was a significant drop in renewable energy generation from summer to autumn, from 82.7 MWh to 28.52 MWh. The optimization results show that at the TOPSIS point, the total cost, efficiency, and emission index are 9.73 $/hr, 36.8 %, and 7.75 kg/MWh, respectively.