Bioorthogonal Monomycolate of Trehalose Disclosed the O-Mycoloylation of Mycoloyltransferases and Other Cell Envelope Proteins in C. glutamicum

Protein mycoloylation is a recently identified unusual post-translational modification (PTM) exclusively observed in Mycobacteriales, an order of bacteria that includes several human pathogens. These bacteria possess a distinctive outer membrane, known as the mycomembrane, composed of very long-chain fatty acids called mycolic acids. It has been demonstrated that a few mycomembrane proteins undergo covalent modification with mycolic acids in the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum through the action of mycoloyltransferase MytC. This PTM represents the first example of protein O-acylation in prokaryotes and also the first example of protein modification by mycolic acid. Many questions about the specificity of protein O-mycoloylation remain crucial for understanding its evolutionary significance in Mycobacteriales and its role in cell physiology. We have developed the first bioorthogonal mycolate donor featuring the natural mycolic acid pattern, enabling direct, unambiguous transfer of the lipid moiety to its acceptors and efficient metabolic labeling and enrichment of MytC protein substrates. Mass spectrometry analysis of the labeled proteins and comparative proteomic analysis of the cell envelope proteome between wild-type and ΔmytC strains identified an unbiased list of 21 proteins likely mycoloylated in the cell. The robustness of our approach is demonstrated by the successful biological validation of mycoloylation in 6 candidate proteins within wild-type cells, revealing the characteristic profile of proteins modified with natural mycolates. These findings provide interesting insights into the significance of this new lipidation pathway and pave the way for understanding their function, especially concerning the mycoloyltransferase family that includes the essential Antigen85 enzymes in Mycobacteria.