Michelle L. Hladik , Michael S. Gross , Gabrielle P. Black , Dana W. Kolpin , Jason R. Masoner , Patrick J. Phillips , Paul M. Bradley , Kelly L. Smalling
{"title":"2020-2021 年 COVID-19 大流行期间废水处理废水中季铵化合物的时间浓度。","authors":"Michelle L. Hladik , Michael S. Gross , Gabrielle P. Black , Dana W. Kolpin , Jason R. Masoner , Patrick J. Phillips , Paul M. Bradley , Kelly L. Smalling","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143753","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are high production chemicals used in many commercial and household disinfection products. During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, QACs were included on lists of COVID-19 disinfectants. Increased QAC use could lead to higher levels of QACs in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, which could subsequently be released into the environment. To evaluate QACs in WWTP effluent, three WWTPs in the northeastern United States were monitored from May 2020 through August 2021. Target QACs included six benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BAC), three dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMAC), two ethylbenzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (EBAC), and benzethonium. At least one QAC was detected in every sample with individual concentrations up to 1600 ng L<sup>−1</sup>. BAC-C<sub>14</sub> was detected most frequently, found in 93% of effluent samples; BAC-C<sub>12</sub>, BAC-C<sub>16</sub>, EBAC-C<sub>12</sub> and EBAC-C<sub>14</sub> were all detected in greater than 80% of samples. Few temporal patterns were observed in QAC concentrations with respect to weekly COVID-19 cases: at WWTP 2, DADMAC-C<sub>8</sub>:C<sub>10</sub> and DADMAC-C<sub>10</sub> were positively correlated, and DADMAC-C<sub>8</sub> negatively correlated. There were several seasonal trends at WWTP 1, including significant differences of ƩDADMAC, which were higher in fall than summer; ƩBAC was higher during the fall than both spring and summer; and ƩQAC where higher during the fall than spring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 143753"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Temporal concentrations of Quaternary ammonium compounds in wastewater treatment effluents during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021\",\"authors\":\"Michelle L. Hladik , Michael S. Gross , Gabrielle P. Black , Dana W. Kolpin , Jason R. Masoner , Patrick J. Phillips , Paul M. Bradley , Kelly L. Smalling\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143753\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are high production chemicals used in many commercial and household disinfection products. During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, QACs were included on lists of COVID-19 disinfectants. Increased QAC use could lead to higher levels of QACs in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, which could subsequently be released into the environment. To evaluate QACs in WWTP effluent, three WWTPs in the northeastern United States were monitored from May 2020 through August 2021. Target QACs included six benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BAC), three dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMAC), two ethylbenzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (EBAC), and benzethonium. At least one QAC was detected in every sample with individual concentrations up to 1600 ng L<sup>−1</sup>. BAC-C<sub>14</sub> was detected most frequently, found in 93% of effluent samples; BAC-C<sub>12</sub>, BAC-C<sub>16</sub>, EBAC-C<sub>12</sub> and EBAC-C<sub>14</sub> were all detected in greater than 80% of samples. Few temporal patterns were observed in QAC concentrations with respect to weekly COVID-19 cases: at WWTP 2, DADMAC-C<sub>8</sub>:C<sub>10</sub> and DADMAC-C<sub>10</sub> were positively correlated, and DADMAC-C<sub>8</sub> negatively correlated. There were several seasonal trends at WWTP 1, including significant differences of ƩDADMAC, which were higher in fall than summer; ƩBAC was higher during the fall than both spring and summer; and ƩQAC where higher during the fall than spring.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":276,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Chemosphere\",\"volume\":\"368 \",\"pages\":\"Article 143753\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":8.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-11-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Chemosphere\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653524026547\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Chemosphere","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653524026547","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Temporal concentrations of Quaternary ammonium compounds in wastewater treatment effluents during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are high production chemicals used in many commercial and household disinfection products. During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, QACs were included on lists of COVID-19 disinfectants. Increased QAC use could lead to higher levels of QACs in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, which could subsequently be released into the environment. To evaluate QACs in WWTP effluent, three WWTPs in the northeastern United States were monitored from May 2020 through August 2021. Target QACs included six benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BAC), three dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMAC), two ethylbenzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (EBAC), and benzethonium. At least one QAC was detected in every sample with individual concentrations up to 1600 ng L−1. BAC-C14 was detected most frequently, found in 93% of effluent samples; BAC-C12, BAC-C16, EBAC-C12 and EBAC-C14 were all detected in greater than 80% of samples. Few temporal patterns were observed in QAC concentrations with respect to weekly COVID-19 cases: at WWTP 2, DADMAC-C8:C10 and DADMAC-C10 were positively correlated, and DADMAC-C8 negatively correlated. There were several seasonal trends at WWTP 1, including significant differences of ƩDADMAC, which were higher in fall than summer; ƩBAC was higher during the fall than both spring and summer; and ƩQAC where higher during the fall than spring.
期刊介绍:
Chemosphere, being an international multidisciplinary journal, is dedicated to publishing original communications and review articles on chemicals in the environment. The scope covers a wide range of topics, including the identification, quantification, behavior, fate, toxicology, treatment, and remediation of chemicals in the bio-, hydro-, litho-, and atmosphere, ensuring the broad dissemination of research in this field.