A clinicopathological and molecular series of five TFEB-altered renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases: highlighting an aggressive subset of TFEB-rearranged RCC concomitant with TFEB amplification/gene copy number gains.

The classification of TFEB-altered renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been revised to include TFEB-rearranged RCC and TFEB-amplified RCC in the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System. Given the wide spectrum of TFEB-altered RCC in terms of morphology and clinical behavior, an accurate diagnosis is challenging yet crucial, particularly in aggressive cases. Moreover, the concurrence of TFEB gene rearrangement and amplification/gene copy number (GCN) gains was also observed, but there was limited knowledge of these cases. We presented three TFEB-rearranged RCC cases, one TFEB-amplified RCC case, and one case of concomitant TFEB-rearranged and -amplified RCC, comparing the similarities and differences among these three subgroups. Furthermore, we summarized the clinicopathological and molecular features of TFEB-rearranged RCC concomitant with TFEB amplification/GCN gains from the literature and the present study. TFEB-altered RCCs exhibit significant heterogeneity in morphology and clinical behavior while displaying similar immunohistochemical profiles, including positive staining for Melan-A, PAX8, and CD117, and negative staining for CK7. A typical biphasic "rosette-like" morphology has been observed in a proportion of TFEB-rearranged RCC concomitant with TFEB amplification/GCN gains, which has been noted in TFEB-rearranged RCC, but not in cases with only TFEB amplification. Notably, TFEB-rearranged RCCs concomitant with TFEB amplification/GCN gains tend to be aggressive, in contrast to the often indolent nature of TFEB-rearranged cases, irrespective of the extent of TFEB gene copy increase. Therefore, a TFEB FISH assay is essential for unclassified RCC cases that exhibit melanocytic marker expression, and fluorescent signals should be counted and interpreted acurrately.