Epigenetic modifications associated to diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (Review).

The present review aimed to provide an update on the scientific progress of the role of epigenetic modifications on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). DPNP is a devastating and troublesome complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which affects one third of patients with DM and causes severe hyperalgesia and allodynia, leading to challenges in the treatment of these patients. The pathophysiology of DPNP is multifactorial and is not yet fully understood and treatment options for this disease are currently unsatisfactory. The underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of DPNP have largely been explored in animal models and a mechanism‑derived approach might offer a potential therapeutic‑target for attenuating certain phenotypes of DPNP. Altered gene expression levels within the peripheral or central nervous systems (CNS) are a crucial mechanism of DPNP, however, the transcriptional mechanisms of these genes have not been fully elucidated. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation), can alter gene expression levels via chromatin remodeling. Moreover, it has been reported that altering gene expression via epigenetic modifications within the peripheral or CNS, contributes to the changes in both pain sensitivity and pharmacological efficacy in DPNP. Therefore, the present review summarized the findings of relevant literature on the epigenetic alterations in DPNP and the therapeutic potential for targeting these alterations in the future treatment of this disease.