Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using TiO2-based Catalysts: A Review

Photocatalytic water splitting is an environmentally friendly hydrogen production method that uses abundant renewable resources such as water and sunlight. While Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalyst exhibits excellent properties, its high band gap limits absorption to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, resulting in low photo conversion efficiency. This review explores various modification techniques aimed at enhancing the efficiency of TiO₂ under visible light irradiation. Factors influencing the photocatalytic water splitting reaction, such as catalyst structure, morphology, band gap, sacrificial reagents, light intensity, temperature, and potential of Hydrogen (pH) are examined. This review also summarizes different catalyst synthesis methods, and types of photocatalytic reactors, and provides insights into quantum yield. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and future outlook of photocatalytic water splitting.