River stabilization reshaped human-nature interactions in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain.

Floodplains are crucial agricultural and populated areas worldwide. Rivers typically shape human activities within floodplains through water supply and flood risk, forming unique human-nature interaction patterns. Given that river systems have undergone significant transformations globally, understanding the response of these interactions to hydrological changes is elementary. Here, using the Lower Yellow River Floodplain (LYRF) as a case, where continuous levees distinctly outline the river-influenced floodplain from a homogenous cultivated plain and the river's hydrology has undergone dramatic alterations since the 1990s, we analyzed how the human-nature interactions respond to river hydrological changes. This study found that the flood-prone nature of the Lower Yellow River has weakened from 1986 to 2021 as shown by decreased surface water extent and inundated extent of cropland. The intensity of agriculture inside the LYRF has been lower but experienced faster development than outside, minimizing the disparity between them. Meanwhile, human activities in the floodplain have moved closer to the river. These changes in human-nature interactions in the LYRF can be explained by the river stabilization caused by upstream regulation, underscoring the significance of integrated river governance in managing human-nature system in floodplain areas.