Nashwa F Tawfik, Nashwa El-Sayed, Shahenda Mahgoub, Mohamed T Khazaal, Fatma A Moharram
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The antibacterial activity was evaluated alongside Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 by agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using ELISA assays in addition, expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured via western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SF method gave the highest EO yield (1.50 mL v/w). Oxygenated components constituted the highest percentage in the four methods, 84.14, 79.21, 73.29 and 33.57% in the HS, HD, MAHD, and SF, respectively. Moreover, variation in the amount of identified compounds was apparent; in HS EO α-thujone (29.37%), artemisia ketone (19.59%), and santolina alcohol (14.66%) are major components, while α-thujone (20.38%) and piperatone (12.09%) were significant in HD. Moreover, ( +)-spathulenol (12.22%) and piperatone (10.48%) were significant in MAHD, while piperatone (14.83%) and β-sitosterol (11.07%) were significant in SF EO. HD, MAHD, and SF EOs exhibited susceptibility against P. aeruginosa (IZ = 9-14 mm), E. coli (11-13 mm), and C. perfringens (IZ = 10-14 mm) in agar diffusion assay. MAHD EOs demonstrated potent growth inhibition (MICs = 0.25-2 mg/mL), followed by HD EOs (MICs = 13-52 mg/mL) to all tested microorganisms in well microdilution assay. Also, they exert MBC values equal to or higher than the MICs. Furthermore, SF EOs inhibited the biofilm formation of all tested microorganisms by 65.12-80.84%. Specifically, MAHD and HD EOs efficiently suppress the biofilm of S. pyogenes (77.87%) and P. aeruginosa (60. 29%), respectively. Ultimately, HD and SF EOs showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 release and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A. fragrantissima EO is rich in oxygenated volatile compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. It is encouraged as a bioactive agent for adjusting skin infections, though additional studies are essential for their safety in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9128,"journal":{"name":"BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies","volume":"24 1","pages":"385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11546401/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Chemical analysis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Achillea fragrantissima essential oil growing wild in Egypt.\",\"authors\":\"Nashwa F Tawfik, Nashwa El-Sayed, Shahenda Mahgoub, Mohamed T Khazaal, Fatma A Moharram\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12906-024-04633-9\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achillea fragrantissima (F. Asteraceae) is traditionally used to treat skin infections and inflammation. The present work intended to prepare essential oils (EOs) from A. fragrantissima aerial parts growing widely in Egypt and investigate its antibacterial activity against skin-related pathogens and in vitro cell-based anti-inflammatory activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>EOs of the fresh aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and head-space (HS), while those of the dried ones were prepared by supercritical fluid (SF). The result EOs were analyzed using GC/MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated alongside Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 by agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using ELISA assays in addition, expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured via western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SF method gave the highest EO yield (1.50 mL v/w). Oxygenated components constituted the highest percentage in the four methods, 84.14, 79.21, 73.29 and 33.57% in the HS, HD, MAHD, and SF, respectively. Moreover, variation in the amount of identified compounds was apparent; in HS EO α-thujone (29.37%), artemisia ketone (19.59%), and santolina alcohol (14.66%) are major components, while α-thujone (20.38%) and piperatone (12.09%) were significant in HD. Moreover, ( +)-spathulenol (12.22%) and piperatone (10.48%) were significant in MAHD, while piperatone (14.83%) and β-sitosterol (11.07%) were significant in SF EO. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:Achillea fragrantissima(菊科)传统上用于治疗皮肤感染和炎症。本研究旨在从广泛生长于埃及的 A. fragrantissima 气生部分制备精油(EOs),并研究其对皮肤相关病原体的抗菌活性以及体外细胞抗炎活性:方法:用水力蒸馏法(HD)、微波辅助水力蒸馏法(MAHD)和顶空法(HS)提取新鲜气生部分的环氧乙烷,用超临界流体法(SF)制备干燥气生部分的环氧乙烷。采用气相色谱/质谱法分析了所得到的环氧乙烷。通过琼脂扩散、微孔稀释和生物膜形成试验,评估了铜绿假单胞菌(ATCC 9027)、大肠杆菌(ATCC 8739)、金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)、化脓性链球菌(ATCC 12344)和产气荚膜梭菌(ATCC 13124)的抗菌活性。此外,还利用酶联免疫吸附试验测定了脂多糖(LPS)刺激的 RAW 264.7 细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素 2(IL-2)和 6(IL-6)的表达,从而评估了抗炎活性:结果:SF 法的环氧乙烷产量最高(1.50 mL v/w)。四种方法中含氧成分所占比例最高,在 HS、HD、MAHD 和 SF 中分别为 84.14%、79.21%、73.29% 和 33.57%。此外,鉴定出的化合物数量差异明显;在 HS 环氧乙烷中,α-��酮(29.37%)、蒿酮(19.59%)和山蒿醇(14.66%)是主要成分,而在 HD 环氧乙烷中,α-��酮(20.38%)和胡椒酮(12.09%)是重要成分。此外,(+)-石竹烯醇(12.22%)和哌拉酮(10.48%)在 MAHD 中含量显著,而哌拉酮(14.83%)和β-谷甾醇(11.07%)在 SF EO 中含量显著。在琼脂扩散试验中,HD、MAHD 和 SF 环氧乙烷对绿脓杆菌(IZ = 9-14 mm)、大肠杆菌(11-13 mm)和产气荚膜杆菌(IZ = 10-14 mm)具有敏感性。在井式微量稀释试验中,MAHD 环氧乙烷对所有受试微生物都有很强的生长抑制作用(MICs = 0.25-2 mg/mL),其次是 HD 环氧乙烷(MICs = 13-52 mg/mL)。此外,它们的 MBC 值等于或高于 MIC。此外,SF 环氧乙烷对所有受试微生物生物膜形成的抑制率为 65.12-80.84%。具体而言,MAHD 和 HD 环氧乙烷分别有效抑制了化脓性链球菌(77.87%)和铜绿假单胞菌(60.29%)的生物膜。最终,HD 和 SF 环氧乙烷通过抑制 LPS 刺激的 RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞中 TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6 的释放和 iNOS 的表达,显示出抗炎活性:结论:A. fragrantissima 环氧乙烷富含含氧挥发性化合物,具有抗菌和抗炎活性。尽管还需要对其在临床环境中的安全性进行更多研究,但我们鼓励将其作为调整皮肤感染的生物活性剂。
Chemical analysis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Achillea fragrantissima essential oil growing wild in Egypt.
Background: Achillea fragrantissima (F. Asteraceae) is traditionally used to treat skin infections and inflammation. The present work intended to prepare essential oils (EOs) from A. fragrantissima aerial parts growing widely in Egypt and investigate its antibacterial activity against skin-related pathogens and in vitro cell-based anti-inflammatory activity.
Methods: EOs of the fresh aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and head-space (HS), while those of the dried ones were prepared by supercritical fluid (SF). The result EOs were analyzed using GC/MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated alongside Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 by agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using ELISA assays in addition, expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured via western blot.
Results: The SF method gave the highest EO yield (1.50 mL v/w). Oxygenated components constituted the highest percentage in the four methods, 84.14, 79.21, 73.29 and 33.57% in the HS, HD, MAHD, and SF, respectively. Moreover, variation in the amount of identified compounds was apparent; in HS EO α-thujone (29.37%), artemisia ketone (19.59%), and santolina alcohol (14.66%) are major components, while α-thujone (20.38%) and piperatone (12.09%) were significant in HD. Moreover, ( +)-spathulenol (12.22%) and piperatone (10.48%) were significant in MAHD, while piperatone (14.83%) and β-sitosterol (11.07%) were significant in SF EO. HD, MAHD, and SF EOs exhibited susceptibility against P. aeruginosa (IZ = 9-14 mm), E. coli (11-13 mm), and C. perfringens (IZ = 10-14 mm) in agar diffusion assay. MAHD EOs demonstrated potent growth inhibition (MICs = 0.25-2 mg/mL), followed by HD EOs (MICs = 13-52 mg/mL) to all tested microorganisms in well microdilution assay. Also, they exert MBC values equal to or higher than the MICs. Furthermore, SF EOs inhibited the biofilm formation of all tested microorganisms by 65.12-80.84%. Specifically, MAHD and HD EOs efficiently suppress the biofilm of S. pyogenes (77.87%) and P. aeruginosa (60. 29%), respectively. Ultimately, HD and SF EOs showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 release and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Conclusion: A. fragrantissima EO is rich in oxygenated volatile compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. It is encouraged as a bioactive agent for adjusting skin infections, though additional studies are essential for their safety in clinical settings.