Recent developments in immunotherapy approaches for allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) poses a significant global health burden, with the potential to progress to asthma, thereby impacting patients' quality of life. Immunotherapy has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating clinical symptoms by altering the underlying disease mechanisms of AR. This article provides a thorough review of the current state of immunotherapy for AR, encompassing various facets of immunotherapeutic strategies, elucidating their mechanisms and clinical implications. By presenting a nuanced understanding of the present landscape of immunotherapy for AR, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference for informing clinical treatment strategies. The subsequent analysis of diverse immunotherapeutic pathways offers a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms and clinical implications. A meticulous examination is conducted on subcutaneous immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy, oral immunotherapy, intralymphatic immunotherapy, and innovative intravenous gold-induced autologous serum injection therapy. Each pathway is systematically elucidated, with its distinctive features and potential contributions to managing AR emphasized. In conclusion, synthesizing epidemiological insights, immunotherapeutic nuances, and pathway-specific analyses encapsulates a profound understanding of immunotherapy for AR.