Surface-Interface Engineering of Electrocatalysts for Two-Electron Water Oxidation Reaction to Produce H2O2

Electrochemical two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e⁻ WOR) driven by renewable energy offers an attractive route to produce H₂O₂, while the corresponding electrocatalyst still requires further improvement for the activity, selectivity, and the resulting H₂O₂ yield. Surface-interface engineering of electrocatalysts has great potential to advance 2e⁻ WOR performance. This review provides a succinct yet comprehensive insight into the functional mechanisms of surface-interfacial properties affecting 2e⁻ WOR performance on electrocatalyst. The Gibbs free energy theoretical framework related to surface electronic structure and interfacial reactive kinetics mechanism related to electrolyte, electrode–electrolyte interface structure, and interfacial microenvironment properties are firstly discussed. Afterward, various surface-interface engineering strategies toward high performance electrocatalysts including the regulation of surface electronic structure, the electrode–electrolyte interface structure, and the interfacial microenvironment have been overviewed. Rational manipulations of the above surface-interfacial engineering strategies are critical to design highly efficient 2e⁻ WOR electrocatalysts, leading to the development of the green H₂O₂ production.