Outer Helmholtz plane adsorption regulation to achieve low-concentration of pure propylene carbonate solvent electrolytes compatible with graphite anode

The low melting point and high polarity of propylene carbonate (PC) make it an ideal solvent for electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but the incompatibility with graphite anode hinders the application. In the present study, a new method is developed to solve this problem from a new viewpoint. Introduction of saturated LiNO₃ (0.14 mol L^‒1) into pure PC electrolyte containing lithium salt with normal concentration (1.38 mol L^‒1) leads to a perfect compatibility with graphite anode. Li/Graphite cell using this pure PC electrolyte shows a reversible capacity of 350.0 mAh g^‒1 and a 200-cycle capacity retention of 96.3 %. Further mechanism study and theoretical computation indicate that the NO₃^‒ anions are adsorbed to outer Helmholtz plane of the electric double layer at the graphite anode interface. This changes the Li⁺ solvation structure in the electric double layer, facilitating the Li⁺ desolvation process hence resulting in high compatibility with the graphite anode. The most prominent advantage of the present strategy is that, because of the adsorption of NO₃^‒ anions to the outer Helmholtz plane, the compatibility with graphite anode could be improved by introduction of tiny amount of Li salt without large change of the bulk phase properties of the electrolyte. This work provides a new understanding of the compatibility from the viewpoint of outer Helmholtz plane, which might deliver new insights for the optimization of electrolytes for LIBs.