Recent Advancements and Future Prospects in Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management Techniques

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are the leading choice for powering electric vehicles due to their advantageous characteristics, including low self-discharge rates and high energy and power density. However, the degradation in the performance and sustainability of lithium-ion battery packs over the long term in electric vehicles is affected due to the elevated temperatures induced by charge and discharge cycles. Moreover, the thermal runaway (TR) issues due to the heat generated during the electrochemical reactions are the most significant safety concern for LiBs, as inadequate heat dissipation can be potentially hazardous, leading to explosions and fires. Considering the safety of EVs and for better performance, understanding the mechanism of TR is of paramount importance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the TR phenomenon and underlying electrochemical principles governing heat accumulation during charge and discharge cycles. Furthermore, the article explores the cell modeling and thermal management techniques intended for both individual lithium-ion battery cells and larger battery packs, with a particular emphasis on enhancing fire prevention and safety measures. The main goal of this review paper is to offer new insights to the developing battery community, assisting in the development of efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS) using enhanced cooling methodologies. This article could also support the advancement of next-generation electric vehicle battery packs equipped with built-in safety features to improve the cycle life of LiBs and prevent thermal runaway accidents.