Earthward-Tailward Asymmetry of Plasma Temperature in Reconnection Outflow in Earth's Magnetotail

To explore the asymmetry in ion and electron heating at Earth's magnetotail at mid-tail distances ( −30 $R_E$), we analyze near-simultaneous observations of reconnection outflows from two opposite sides of reconnection sites at those distances using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) data. We report a pronounced temperature asymmetry between the earthward and tailward reconnection outflows. The asymmetry is more significant for electrons than for ions: Earthward moving ions are only three times hotter than tailward ones, but earthward moving electrons are 5–20 times hotter than tailward ones. The closed field-line topology on the earthward side of the reconnection region, as opposed to the open topology on the tailward side, is likely a critical contributor to this asymmetry. These findings cast light on the underlying mechanisms of particle heating and energization in magnetotail reconnection, highlighting the significant role of Earth's dipolar magnetic field. This study offers insights for refining magnetic reconnection models, emphasizing the importance of incorporating realistic magnetic field topologies to accurately simulate the heating and energization processes observed in space plasma environments.