Effects of thermal radiation on TiO2-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid: A finite difference discretization

This article aims to discover the double diffusive convection in TiO₂-Cu/Water hybrid nanofluid. The impacts of heat generation and chemical reactions are also considered in the presence of a magnetic field. A collection of hybrid nanofluids of titanium oxide (TiO₂) and copper (Cu) with a nanoparticle volume fraction $\left(\varphi \right)$ of size equal to 0.05 is taken. The governing equations of the infinite vertical plate flow model, the non-dimensional governing equations, were solved by the explicit finite difference approach of the Dufort-Frankel method, which is employed numerically in MATLAB. To illustrate the main features of the solution, numerical calculators and graphs are used to illustrate the characteristics of fluid stream velocity, heat, and mass transfer under dissimilar parametric values. The primary findings and significance of this study indicates that Skin friction increases with increasing values of mass Grashof number, thermal Grashof number, and thermal radiation, while its intensifications decline with increasing values of magnetic field and Schmidt number. This study also discusses the limitations and challenges of utilizing hybrid nanofluids in practical applications, providing valuable insights for effective decision-making.