Exploring the potential of hydroxyapatite-based materials in biomedicine: A comprehensive review

Hydroxyapatite (HA), which shares similarities in both chemical composition and structure with bone phosphate systems, and has garnered significant attention in biomedicine due to its outstanding biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconduction, and osteoinductivity. Its resemblance to the mineral phase found in bone tissue has led to its extensive utilization in bone grafting and implantation, dental materials, and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, HA’s characteristics can be tailored on various synthetic methods, including precipitation, sol-gel, and biomimetic approaches allowing for the production of customized materials with precisely controlled properties. Recent research has focused on enhancing the HA’s mechanical strength, biodegradability, and bioactivity through composite formulations with polymers, ceramics, and other components, aiming to develop advanced biomaterials with improved properties for myriad biomedical applications. This comprehensive review outlines the diverse fabrication methods for HA and its derivatives, highlighting their biomedical applications and recent advancements. As for the synthesis and functionalization of HA, attentions have been paid to the innovative and efficient methods, precise control of crystal structure and morphology, surface and doping modification, and bionics. Special focus is placed on combining HA with other biomaterials for tissue regeneration, implants, cancer therapy and diagnostics. Optimization of mechanical properties and biocompatibility of HA, personalized customization according to individual differences, and enhancement of antibacterial properties are essential for tissue regeneration and implants. For anti-tumor, precise and combination therapies, as well as the molecular mechanism of the interaction between HA and tumor cells, need to be further explored. Emerging uses in endodontics and anti-inflammatory treatments are also discussed. The review concludes by proposing future research directions to address a wider range of medical challenges effectively.