Biomarkers of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular risk factors and events in healthy Asian populations: a systematic review.

The associations between circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular risk factors and events in healthy Asian populations have been less examined robustly compared to Western populations. This systematic review aimed to summarise current evidence on the associations between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors and events in healthy Asian populations. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for observational studies from January 2010 until August 2024. Twenty-three studies were eligible, which covered six Asian countries and included events(n=7), traditional risk factors such as blood pressure and lipids(n=4), physical signs such as arterial stiffness(n=4), non-traditional lipid markers(n=1), markers of inflammation(n=4), markers of thrombosis(n=2), and non-invasive imaging-based markers such as carotid intima media thickness(n=5). Biological sample type included plasma(n=6), serum(n=14) and erythrocyte(n=3). Higher circulating total n-3 PUFAs appeared to be associated with lower hypertension risk and specifically eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to be associated with lower myocardial infarction risk, reduction in triglycerides and inflammation. Higher circulating linoleic acid was associated with improved lipid profiles and lower inflammation. Limited evidence led to inconclusive associations between circulating n-6 PUFAs biomarkers and cardiovascular disease events and blood pressure. No consistent associations with arterial stiffness, obesity, thrombosis and imaging-based biomarkers were observed for circulating PUFAs biomarkers in Asian populations. Limited studies exist for each outcome, hence results should be interpreted with caution. More high quality and prospective studies in Asian populations are warranted. Several recommendations such as sample size justification and reporting of non-respondents rate are proposed for future studies.