Deep Learning Enhanced in Situ Atomic Imaging of Ion Migration at Crystalline-Amorphous Interfaces.

Improving the performance of energy storage, neuromorphic computing, and more applications requires an in-depth understanding of ion transport at interfaces, which are often hindered by facile atomic reconfiguration at working conditions and limited characterization capability. Here, we construct an in situ double-tilt electric manipulator inside an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. Coupled with deep learning-based image enhancement, atomic images are enhanced 3-fold compared to traditional methods to observe the potassium ion migration and microstructure evolution at the crystalline-amorphous interface in antimony selenide. Potassium ions form stable anisotropic insertion sites outside the (Sb₄Se₆) chain, with a few potassium ions present within the moieties. Combined experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal a reaction pathway of forming a novel metastable state during potassium ion insertion, followed by recovery and unexpected chirality changes at the interface upon potassium ion extraction. Our unique methodology paves the way for facilitating the improvement and rational design of nanostructured materials.