Co-doped Zr-UiO-66-NH2@carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals/PAN membrane for oil/water separation with photocatalysis-PMS synergistic self-cleaning and antibacterial activity.

The development of superwetting membranes is a promising approach for separating emulsified oily wastewater. However, challenges such as low flux without external pressure and membrane fouling have hindered membrane performance. Herein, we fabricated a novel nanofibrous membrane by grafting Co-doped Zr-UiO-66-NH₂ (UiO(Zr/Co)) nanoparticles onto carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CCNC)-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) mixed matrix electrospinning membrane via chemical bonds through EDC/NHS reaction. CCNC served a dual purpose by enhancing membrane hydrophilicity and providing connection points for UiO(Zr/Co). The as-prepared UiO(Zr/Co)@CCNC/PAN exhibited superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic and anti-fouling properties. The membrane demonstrated excellent demulsification and gravity-driven separation capabilities for various oil-in-water emulsions, with superior permeation flux (1588-2557 L m^-2 h^-1) and separation efficiency (above 99 %). Furthermore, UiO (Zr/Co)@CCNC/PAN could activate peroxomonosulfate (PMS) under visible light to remove both high viscous crude oil-fouling and bio-fouling, exhibiting impressive photocatalytic self-cleaning and antibacterial activity. The generation of reactive radicals (O₂^-, OH and SO₄^-) and non-radical (¹O₂) species in UiO(Zr/Co)@CCNC/PAN+PMS system through multiple pathways was confirmed. Additionally, the band structure of UiO(Zr/Co) and synergistic photocatalytic-PMS activation mechanism were investigated. This work provides new insights into the design and fabrication of MOF modified superwetting nanofibrous membrane with inherent bonding, high permeation flux, anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties.