Optimizing the low-temperature performance of high-wax-content crude oil with emulsion-based wax inhibitors: Mechanisms and efficacy

Wax deposition in constant-temperature transportation of waxy oil with high pour points poses a significant challenge for the oil industry. The demand for efficient methods to solve wax deposition has gained attention. To elucidate the impact of emulsion-based wax inhibitors on the performance of crude oils with varying wax content at low temperatures, experiments, rheological analyses, and microscopic analyses were conducted to study their pour point regulation, low-temperature flow improvement, wax prevention effectiveness, and wax crystallization behavior. The results indicate that emulsion-based wax inhibitors significantly reduce the pour point of crude oil, especially for high-wax-content oil, while for low-wax-content oil, the pour point only decreased by 3°C. By penetrating and dispersing wax crystals, the inhibitor reduced the viscosity of crude oil at low temperatures, enhancing its flowability. At 28°C, crude oil transitioned from a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid to a Newtonian fluid at wax inhibitor dosages of 500−750 ppm. At 1000 ppm, the wax prevention rate for high-wax-content oil reached 87.5%, but the effect plateaued beyond this concentration. Additionally, the wax prevention and removal mechanism of the emulsion-based wax inhibitors is discussed. This study confirms that emulsion-based wax inhibitors significantly enhance the low-temperature processability of crude oil, offering a viable strategy for the conveyance and refinement in cold climates.