Principal-plane BRDF of CO2 ice morphologies in controlled Mars polar conditions

Mars South Polar Residual Cap (SPRC) persists throughout the Southern hemisphere's warmest months. During the colder seasons, carbon dioxide (CO₂) accumulates as ice on the surface of the planet, forming a seasonal cap during fall and winter and sublimating throughout spring. The seasonal cap and SPRC both exhibit unexpected reflectance properties that have not been explained. To better understand the Martian surface CO₂ ice and how it affects Mars' geomorphology, atmosphere, and climate, it is imperative to corroborate laboratory experiments with orbital observations. This study uses a custom-designed goniometer for making reflectance measurements within the MARs Volatile and Ice evolutioN (MARVIN) environmental chamber, in which we can measure the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of different phases of CO₂ under Mars polar conditions for the first time. This has the potential to explain present-day observations from orbit and enhance our understanding of the evolution of ice on Mars.