Lisa Dahlin, Ingrid Hansson, Nils Fall, Axel Sannö, Magdalena Jacobson
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The retrieval rate of three different sampling methods were evaluated; swabbing by (i) a cloth and (ii) a sponge, analysed by standardised bacterial culture and counting of colony-forming units, and (iii) a cotton swab analysed by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. Two time-points were evaluated during the study; after drying overnight and after manual scraping of the surfaces. To determine sample-to-sample variability, sampling by the cloth and the cotton swab was carried out after manual scraping and further, after high-pressure washing with cold water.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sampling by the cloth and the sponge showed few differences in in the number of CFU obtained before and after the manual scraping (retrieval rate), whereas the swabs, measuring ATP bioluminescence, showed a very high retrieval rate. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:在现代养猪生产中,必须严格执行全进全出的卫生规程。此外,还需要一种标准化的有效方法来定量控制这些卫生规程的效果。本研究旨在建立一种可重复、可靠的采样方法,以评估猪圈的清洁情况:灭菌猪粪便与指示菌(即平滑肠球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)混合,并在受控环境中散播。评估了三种不同取样方法的回收率:(i) 用布和 (ii) 用海绵拭取,通过标准化细菌培养和菌落形成单位计数进行分析;(iii) 用棉签拭取,通过三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 生物发光法进行分析。研究期间对两个时间点进行了评估:干燥过夜后和人工刮除表面后。为了确定样本间的差异,在人工刮擦后,用布和棉签取样,然后用冷水高压清洗:结果:用抹布和海绵取样显示,在人工刮擦前后获得的 CFU 数量(回收率)差别不大,而用棉签测量 ATP 生物荧光则显示出极高的回收率。所有三种方法的样本间变异性都很低:总之,在对笔进行细菌采样时,布被认为是最合适的材料,因为它便宜、简便、特异、易接近,而且样本与样本之间的可变性较低。ATP 测量可用于评估厩舍的清洁情况,但需要制定评估猪舍清洁情况的阈值。
Development and evaluation of a standardised sampling protocol to determine the effect of cleaning in the pig sty.
Background: All-in, all-out with strict hygienic routines is necessary in modern pig production. Furthermore, a standardised, validated method is needed to quantitatively control the effect of these hygiene protocols. This study aimed to establish a reproducible and reliable sampling method to assess cleaning of the pig pen.
Methods: Sterilised pig faeces were mixed with indicator bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and spread out in a controlled environment. The retrieval rate of three different sampling methods were evaluated; swabbing by (i) a cloth and (ii) a sponge, analysed by standardised bacterial culture and counting of colony-forming units, and (iii) a cotton swab analysed by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. Two time-points were evaluated during the study; after drying overnight and after manual scraping of the surfaces. To determine sample-to-sample variability, sampling by the cloth and the cotton swab was carried out after manual scraping and further, after high-pressure washing with cold water.
Results: Sampling by the cloth and the sponge showed few differences in in the number of CFU obtained before and after the manual scraping (retrieval rate), whereas the swabs, measuring ATP bioluminescence, showed a very high retrieval rate. Sample-to-sample variability was low for all three methods.
Conclusions: In conclusion, to sample pens for the presence of bacteria, the cloth was assessed as the preferable material, being cheap, easy, specific, and approachable, and with a low sample-to-sample variability. The ATP measurement could have potential for use when evaluating the cleaning of stables, however, threshold values for evaluating the cleaning of a pig sty needs to be developed.
期刊介绍:
Porcine Health Management (PHM) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that aims to publish relevant, novel and revised information regarding all aspects of swine health medicine and production.