健康与疾病中的轴突起始节结构和功能

IF 29.9 1区 医学 Q1 PHYSIOLOGY
Paul M Jenkins, Kevin J Bender
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在最简单的层次上,神经元的结构是整合突触输入,并对输入进行计算转换,将其转化为动作电位(AP)代码。将突触输入转化为动作电位输出的过程通常发生在轴突的一个专门区域,称为轴突起始节段(AIS)。顾名思义,轴突起始节段(AIS)通常位于轴突与体节相连的第一段,是一系列令人眼花缭乱的离子通道、伴随的支架蛋白、细胞内细胞器、细胞外蛋白以及某些情况下突触的所在地。AIS具有多重作用,它是决定输入是否足以唤起AP的最终仲裁者,是将体细胞树突域与轴突本体物理分隔开来的看门人,也是神经元整体兴奋性的调节器,可动态调整其大小以最大限度地满足母体神经元的需要。这些复杂的角色受到了实验人员和理论人员的广泛关注。在此,我们将回顾近年来我们对 AIS 及其在健康和疾病中的神经元整合和极性作用的理解进展。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Axon Initial Segment Structure and Function in Health and Disease.

At the simplest level, neurons are structured to integrate synaptic input and perform computational transforms on that input, converting it into an action potential (AP) code. This process-converting synaptic input into AP output-typically occurs in a specialized region of axon termed the axon initial segment (AIS). The AIS, as its name implies, is often contained to the first section of axon abutted to the soma and is home to a dizzying array of ion channels, attendant scaffolding proteins, intracellular organelles, extracellular proteins, and, in some cases, synapses. The AIS serves multiple roles as the final arbiter for determining if inputs are sufficient to evoke APs, as a gatekeeper that physically separates the somatodendritic domain from the axon proper, and as a regulator of overall neuronal excitability, dynamically tuning its size to best suit the needs of parent neurons. These complex roles have received considerable attention from experimentalists and theoreticians alike. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the AIS and its role in neuronal integration and polarity in health and disease.

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来源期刊
Physiological reviews
Physiological reviews 医学-生理学
CiteScore
56.50
自引率
0.90%
发文量
53
期刊介绍: Physiological Reviews is a highly regarded journal that covers timely issues in physiological and biomedical sciences. It is targeted towards physiologists, neuroscientists, cell biologists, biophysicists, and clinicians with a special interest in pathophysiology. The journal has an ISSN of 0031-9333 for print and 1522-1210 for online versions. It has a unique publishing frequency where articles are published individually, but regular quarterly issues are also released in January, April, July, and October. The articles in this journal provide state-of-the-art and comprehensive coverage of various topics. They are valuable for teaching and research purposes as they offer interesting and clearly written updates on important new developments. Physiological Reviews holds a prominent position in the scientific community and consistently ranks as the most impactful journal in the field of physiology.
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