Navigating Cardiovascular Events in Non-Cardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Complications and Risk Assessment Strategies

Cardiovascular complications following non-cardiac surgery pose a significant global concern, affecting millions of patients annually. These complications, ranging from asymptomatic troponin elevations to major adverse cardiac events, contribute to heightened morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditures. The underlying mechanisms involve oxygen supply-demand imbalances and acute coronary syndromes precipitated by perioperative stressors. High-risk surgeries, including vascular and major abdominal procedures, are particularly susceptible to these complications. Risk assessment tools and biomarkers, especially high-sensitivity cardiac troponins, play pivotal roles in prognostication. However, despite advances in perioperative care, optimal management strategies remain elusive, as underscored by conflicting guidelines regarding interventions such as β-blockers and statins. This review aims to consolidate current evidence on cardiovascular complications following non-cardiac surgery, evaluate the utility of biomarkers, and discuss international guidelines for risk mitigation. An enhanced understanding regarding the standardized approaches is imperative in mitigating these complications effectively. Further research is essential to refine risk prediction models, validate biomarker thresholds, and elucidate the efficacy of preventive measures. Addressing these challenges can eventually lead to improved patient outcomes and more efficient healthcare resource utilization worldwide.