Nanoplasmonic microarray–based solid-phase amplification for highly sensitive and multiplexed molecular diagnostics: application for detecting SARS-CoV-2

A novel approach is introduced using nanoplasmonic microarray–based solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) that offers high sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities for gene detection. Nanoplasmonic microarrays were developed through one-step immobilization of streptavidin/biotin primers and fine-tuning the amplicon size to achieve high plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) on the nanoplasmonic substrate, thereby improving sensitivity. The specificity and sensitivity of solid-phase RPA on nanoplasmonic microarrays was evaluated in detecting E, N, and RdRP genes of SARS-CoV-2. High specificity was achieved by minimizing primer-dimer formation and employing a stringent washing process and high sensitivity obtained with a limit of detection of four copies per reaction within 30 min. In clinical testing with nasopharyngeal swab samples (n = 30), the nanoplasmonic microarrays demonstrated a 100% consistency with the PCR results for detecting SARS-CoV-2, including differentiation of Omicron mutations BA.1 and BA.2. This approach overcomes the sensitivity issue of solid-phase amplification, as well as offers rapidity, high multiplexing capabilities, and simplified equipment by using isothermal reaction, making it a valuable tool for on-site molecular diagnostics.

Graphical abstract