Characterization of ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase genes during ripening and their modulation by phytohormones during postharvest storage of citrus fruits (Citrus reticulata Blanco.)

The level of sweetness in citrus fruit is crucial for consumer appeal and market competitiveness, determined mainly by soluble sugars and organic acids. ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase is central to regulating sugar metabolism, yet its role in citrus fruit ripening and postharvest storage remains underexplored. We characterized phosphofructokinase genes in citrus, identifying eight genes classified into pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFP) and ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) subgroups using phylogenetic analysis, genomic architectures, and protein motifs. Comparative genomic analysis with other plants highlighted significant protein homology among CitPFKs. The motif analysis indicated conserved phosphofructokinase domains in CitPFK sequences, with upstream promoter regions containing diverse cis-regulatory elements, most notably light-responsive (LREs). The gene expression profiling throughout fruit development and ripening revealed differential patterns, with responses to gibberellic acid and salicylic acid phytohormones during postharvest indicating their roles in regulating CitPFK genes. The analysis of the transcriptome showed high expression of ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase 3 (CitPFK3) during fruit development, indicating a positive role in fruit maturation. Consequently, silencing CitPFK3 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) increased hexose sugar content, suggesting its function in sugar accumulation. These findings improve our understanding of PFKs in citrus, particularly CitPFK3's pivotal role in regulating hexose sugar dynamics and their modulation by exogenous phytohormones after harvest. This study provides a foundation for optimizing soluble sugar regulation to enhance fruit quality and postharvest handling in citrus production.