MANGOever: An optimization framework for the long-term planning and operations of integrated electric vehicle and building energy systems

The growing electrification of heating and mobility has increased the interdependence of these two sectors and introduced a new coupling with the electricity sector. However, existing studies on local energy planning often focus solely on solutions to meet buildings’ energy demands, neglecting or highly simplifying new mobility demands. Here, we address this gap by introducing MANGOever (Multi-stAge eNerGy Optimization for electric vehicles and energy retrofits), a comprehensive optimization framework for long-term co-planning of building energy systems and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. The framework optimizes multi-stage investments and operational strategies to minimize system costs and CO${}_2$ emissions over a multi-year horizon, considering the stochastic nature of EV charging based on observed driver habits and travel patterns. Applying the model to a case study of a multi-family home in Switzerland reveals significant synergies between EV charging and the management of solar photovoltaic generation. The results underscore the importance of considering habit-based EV charging behavior in the model and demonstrate how diverse EV plug-in behaviors can be leveraged to maximize the use of midday solar production and reduce emissions. These findings emphasize the need for integrated planning of these sectors to achieve a cost-effective, low-carbon energy transition.