A novel Tree-augmented Bayesian network for predicting rock weathering degree using incomplete dataset

The precise forecasting of the weathering degree of surrounding rock holds paramount importance for the scientific design and secure execution of tunnel engineering. The apparent features of the surrounding rock serve as critical indicators for evaluating its weathering degree. This paper endeavors to quantify the rock apparent features based on an improved Computer vision model and establish a multi-source heterogeneous dataset encompassing 10 parameters, thereby facilitating data-driven predictions of the weathering degree. Specifically, the rock appearance parameters are quantified and segmented by an improved Tunnel face feature segmentation (TFF_Seg) model, which is tailored to the unique characteristics of groundwater, fractures, and interlayers. Concurrently, the TFF_Seg model exhibits significantly enhanced performance for these rock features compared to other widely employed Computer vision methods. Subsequently, this multi-source dataset is further enriched by incorporating rock physical and mechanical parameters as well as tunnel design parameters. Nevertheless, the issue of data incompleteness persists within this dataset. To achieve precise prediction of the weathering degree based on this incomplete dataset, a novel Tree-augmented Bayesian network (TAN-BN) is designed, which is capable of learning from incomplete datasets. The predictive outcomes demonstrate that the proposed TAN-BN surpasses other currently utilized meta models and ensemble models, such as ANN, GBRT, and Naive BN. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the importance rankings of the 10 parameters, offering valuable insights for on-site evaluation of the rock weathering degree at the tunnel face.